한가이의 평범한 일상

출처: http://solarixer.blogspot.com/2007/11/unixlinux-os-3264bit.html

HP UX

11.xx 일 경우
# getconf KERNEL_BITS
64

10.xx 일 경우
# getconf LONG_MAX
2147483647
(64비트임)로 확인할 수 있습니다

AIX

현재 load된 kernel 이 32-bit 혹은 64-bit 인지 확인하는 명령어
# bootinfo -K
32

사용중인 machine이 32-bit 혹은 64-bit 인지 확인하는 명령어
# bootinfo -y
32


SOLARIS

# isainfo -kv
64-bit sparcv9 kernel modules
현재 이 시스템은 64bit 커널을 가지고 운영을 하는 시스템 이다.

# isainfo -kv
32-bit sparcv kernel modules
이 시스템은 32bit 커널을 가지고 운영을 하는 시스템이다.

# isainfo -v
64-bit sparcv9 applications 32-bit sparc applications
"-v"만 했을 경우 이 시스템에서는 32bit / 64bit 체계의 프로그램을 사용할 수 있다.

# isainfo -v
32-bit sparc applications
이 시스템은 32bit 체계의 프로그램만 구성하여 사용할 수 있다.

 이더넷 채널 본딩
* 정의 : 네트워크 대역폭 (서버의 네트워크 트래픽을 감소시키기 위해) 을 늘리기 위해 다수의 네트워크 인터페이스를 묶어 하나의 채널로 사용하는것
 
1) bond 0 모드 : 네트워크 대역폭 증가
CentOS4 리눅스 커널에 이미 bonding module이 이미 설정 되어 있으므로 bonding moudule을 사용하겠다고 커널에 알려주기만 하면 된다.
/etc/modprobe.conf

[추가]
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 miimon=100 mode=1 primary=eth0
 

▷ mode 옵션
- balance-rr or 0 : 라운드 로빈 방식 , 두 개 이상의 네트워크 인터페이스를 이용하여 번갈아 사용한다.
- active-backup or 1 : active-standby 방식으로 네트워크 인터페이스의 이중화 구성.장애방지 목적 (대부분)
- balance-xor or 2 : xor 방식, 수신시 첫 번째, 송신시 두 번째 인터페이스를 이용.
- broadcast or 3 : 모든 인터페이스에 전송.

▷ miimon 옵션
- 네트워크 인터페이스가 살아있는지 확인하는 시간 0.001초 단위
▷ max_bonds 옵션
- 본딩의 개수를 지정하는 옵션

2) 본딩 모듈 인식
- 커널에 인식 시켜줘야 한다.
시스템 재부팅 혹은 modprobe 명령어 이용
# modprobe bonding bond0 options mode=1 miimon=100 user_carrier=0 max_bonds=1

 
3) 인터페이스 설정
☞ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0 파일 생성
# bond0 is Public Network NIC
DEVICE=bond0
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
NETWORK=192.168.100.0
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
IPADDR=192.168.100.201
GATEWAY=192.168.100.1
USERCTL=no
 

☞ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 파일 편집
# eth0 is Public Network NIC
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
USERCTL=no
 
☞ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 파일 편집
# eth1 is Public Network NIC
DEVICE=eth1
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
USERCTL=no

4) 이더넷 채널 본딩 적용
- 네트워크 데몬 재실행
# service network restart
->ifconfig 를 하면 eth0, eth1의 MAC address가 같은 것을 확인 할 수 있다.
5) 본딩 해제
# rmmod bonding

원본 : http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_password_recovery09186a0080094184.shtml

Introduction

This document describes the password recovery procedure for the Cisco Catalyst Layer 2 fixed configuration switches 2900XL/3500XL, 2940, 2950/2955, 2960, and 2970 Series, as well as the Cisco Catalyst Layer 3 fixed configuration switches 3550, 3560, and 3750 Series.

Before You Begin

Conventions

For more information on document conventions, see the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions.

Prerequisites

There are no specific prerequisites for this document.

Step-by-Step Procedure

Follow the password recovery procedure below.

1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation (for example, Hyper Terminal) to the console port of the switch.

   Use the following terminal settings:

   • Bits per second (baud): 9600

   • Data bits: 8

   • Parity: None

   • Stop bits: 1

   • Flow Control: Xon/Xoff

   Note: For additional information on cabling and connecting a terminal to the console port, refer to Connecting a Terminal to the Console Port on Catalyst Switches.

2. Unplug the power cable.

3. Power the switch and bring it to the switch: prompt:

   For 2900XL, 3500XL, 2940, 2950, 2960, 2970, 3550, 3560, and 3750 series switches, do this:

   Hold down the mode button located on the left side of the front panel, while you reconnect the power cable to the switch.

   Catalyst Switch Series	LED Behavior and Mode Button Release Action
   2900XL, 3500XL, 3550	Release the Mode button when the LED above Port1x goes out.
   2940, 2950	Release the Mode button after approximately 5 seconds when the Status (STAT) LED goes out. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks amber.
   2960, 2970	Release the Mode button when the SYST LED blinks amber and then turns solid green. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks green.
   3560, 3750	Release the Mode button after approximately 15 seconds when the SYST LED turns solid green. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks green.

   Note: LED position may vary slightly depending on the model.

   Catalyst 3524XL

   

   Catalyst 2950-24

   

   For 2955 series switches only:

   The Catalyst 2955 series switches do not use an external mode button for password recovery. Instead the switch boot loader uses the break-key detection to stop the automatic boot sequence for the password recovery purposes. The break sequence is determined by the terminal application and operating system used. Hyperterm running on Windows 2000 uses Ctrl + Break. On a workstation running UNIX, Ctrl-C is the break key. For more information, refer to Standard Break Key Sequence Combinations During Password Recovery.

   The example below uses Hyperterm to break into switch: mode on a 2955.

   C2955 Boot Loader (C2955-HBOOT-M) Version 12.1(0.0.514), CISCO DEVELOPMENT TESTVERSIONCompiled Fri 13-Dec-02 17:38 by madisonWS-C2955T-12 starting...Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0b:be:b6:ee:00Xmodem file system is available.Initializing Flash...flashfs[0]: 19 files, 2 directoriesflashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directoriesflashfs[0]: Total bytes: 7741440flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 4510720flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 3230720flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds....done initializing flash.Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4*** The system will autoboot in 15 seconds ***Send break character to prevent autobooting.!--- Wait until you see this message before !--- you issue the break sequence.!--- Ctrl+Break is entered using Hyperterm.The system has been interrupted prior to initializing the flash file system to finish loading the operating system software:flash_initload_helperbootswitch:

4. Issue the flash_init command.

   switch: flash_initInitializing Flash...flashfs[0]: 143 files, 4 directoriesflashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directoriesflashfs[0]: Total bytes: 3612672flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 2729472flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 883200flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 86 seconds....done Initializing Flash.Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4switch:!--- This output is from a 2900XL switch. Output from !--- other switches will vary slightly.

5. Issue the load_helper command.

   switch: load_helperswitch:

6. Issue the dir flash: command.

   Note: Make sure to type a colon ":" after the dir flash.

   The switch file system is displayed:

   switch: dir flash:Directory of flash:/2    -rwx  1803357   <date>               c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin!--- This is the current version of software.4    -rwx  1131      <date>               config.text!--- This is the configuration file.5    -rwx  109       <date>               info6    -rwx  389       <date>               env_vars7    drwx  640       <date>               html18   -rwx  109       <date>               info.ver403968 bytes available (3208704 bytes used)switch:!--- This output is from a 3500XL switch. Output from !--- other switches will vary slightly.

7. Type rename flash:config.text flash:config.old to rename the configuration file.

   switch: rename flash:config.text flash:config.oldswitch:!--- The config.text file contains the password !--- definition.

8. Issue the boot command to boot the system.

   switch: bootLoading "flash:c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin"...#####################################################################################################################################################################################File "flash:c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin" uncompressed and installed, entry point: 0x3000executing...!--- Output suppressed.!--- This output is from a 3500XL switch. Output from other switches !--- will vary slightly.

9. Enter "n" at the prompt to abort the initial configuration dialog.

   --- System Configuration Dialog ---At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n !--- Type "n" for no.Press RETURN to get started.!--- Press Return or Enter.Switch>!--- The Switch> prompt is displayed.

10. At the switch prompt, type en to enter enable mode.

    Switch>enSwitch#

11. Type rename flash:config.old flash:config.text to rename the configuration file with its original name.

    Switch#rename flash:config.old flash:config.textDestination filename [config.text] !--- Press Return or Enter.Switch#

12. Copy the configuration file into memory.

    Switch#copy flash:config.text system:running-configDestination filename [running-config]? !--- Press Return or Enter.1131 bytes copied in 0.760 secsSw1#

    The configuration file is now reloaded.

13. Overwrite the current passwords that you do not know. Choose a strong password with at least one capital letter, one number, and one special character.

    Note: Overwrite the passwords which are necessary. You need not overwrite all of the mentioned passwords.

    Sw1# conf t!--- To overwrite existing secret passwordSw1(config)#enable secret <new_secret_password>!--- To overwrite existing enable passwordSw1(config)#enable password <new_enable_password>!--- To overwrite existing vty passwordSw1(config)#line vty 0 15Sw1(config-line)#password <new_vty_password>Sw1(config-line)#login!--- To overwrite existing console passwordSw1(config-line)#line con 0Sw1(config-line)#password <new_console_password>

14. Write the running configuration to the configuration file with the write memory command.

    Sw1#write memoryBuilding configuration...[OK]Sw1#

This document describes the password recovery procedure for the Cisco Catalyst Layer 2 fixed configuration switches 2900XL/3500XL, 2940, 2950/2955, 2960, and 2970 Series, as well as the Cisco Catalyst Layer 3 fixed configuration switches 3550, 3560, and 3750 Series.

Before You Begin

Conventions

For more information on document conventions, see the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions.

Prerequisites

There are no specific prerequisites for this document.

Step-by-Step Procedure

Follow the password recovery procedure below.

1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation (for example, Hyper Terminal) to the console port of the switch.

   Use the following terminal settings:

   • Bits per second (baud): 9600

   • Data bits: 8

   • Parity: None

   • Stop bits: 1

   • Flow Control: Xon/Xoff

   Note: For additional information on cabling and connecting a terminal to the console port, refer to Connecting a Terminal to the Console Port on Catalyst Switches.

2. Unplug the power cable.

3. Power the switch and bring it to the switch: prompt:

   For 2900XL, 3500XL, 2940, 2950, 2960, 2970, 3550, 3560, and 3750 series switches, do this:

   Hold down the mode button located on the left side of the front panel, while you reconnect the power cable to the switch.

   Catalyst Switch Series	LED Behavior and Mode Button Release Action
   2900XL, 3500XL, 3550	Release the Mode button when the LED above Port1x goes out.
   2940, 2950	Release the Mode button after approximately 5 seconds when the Status (STAT) LED goes out. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks amber.
   2960, 2970	Release the Mode button when the SYST LED blinks amber and then turns solid green. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks green.
   3560, 3750	Release the Mode button after approximately 15 seconds when the SYST LED turns solid green. When you release the Mode button, the SYST LED blinks green.

   Note: LED position may vary slightly depending on the model.

   Catalyst 3524XL

   

   Catalyst 2950-24

   

   For 2955 series switches only:

   The Catalyst 2955 series switches do not use an external mode button for password recovery. Instead the switch boot loader uses the break-key detection to stop the automatic boot sequence for the password recovery purposes. The break sequence is determined by the terminal application and operating system used. Hyperterm running on Windows 2000 uses Ctrl + Break. On a workstation running UNIX, Ctrl-C is the break key. For more information, refer to Standard Break Key Sequence Combinations During Password Recovery.

   The example below uses Hyperterm to break into switch: mode on a 2955.

   C2955 Boot Loader (C2955-HBOOT-M) Version 12.1(0.0.514), CISCO DEVELOPMENT TESTVERSIONCompiled Fri 13-Dec-02 17:38 by madisonWS-C2955T-12 starting...Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0b:be:b6:ee:00Xmodem file system is available.Initializing Flash...flashfs[0]: 19 files, 2 directoriesflashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directoriesflashfs[0]: Total bytes: 7741440flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 4510720flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 3230720flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds....done initializing flash.Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4*** The system will autoboot in 15 seconds ***Send break character to prevent autobooting.!--- Wait until you see this message before !--- you issue the break sequence.!--- Ctrl+Break is entered using Hyperterm.The system has been interrupted prior to initializing the flash file system to finish loading the operating system software:flash_initload_helperbootswitch:

4. Issue the flash_init command.

   switch: flash_initInitializing Flash...flashfs[0]: 143 files, 4 directoriesflashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directoriesflashfs[0]: Total bytes: 3612672flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 2729472flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 883200flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 86 seconds....done Initializing Flash.Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4switch:!--- This output is from a 2900XL switch. Output from !--- other switches will vary slightly.

5. Issue the load_helper command.

   switch: load_helperswitch:

6. Issue the dir flash: command.

   Note: Make sure to type a colon ":" after the dir flash.

   The switch file system is displayed:

   switch: dir flash:Directory of flash:/2    -rwx  1803357   <date>               c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin!--- This is the current version of software.4    -rwx  1131      <date>               config.text!--- This is the configuration file.5    -rwx  109       <date>               info6    -rwx  389       <date>               env_vars7    drwx  640       <date>               html18   -rwx  109       <date>               info.ver403968 bytes available (3208704 bytes used)switch:!--- This output is from a 3500XL switch. Output from !--- other switches will vary slightly.

7. Type rename flash:config.text flash:config.old to rename the configuration file.

   switch: rename flash:config.text flash:config.oldswitch:!--- The config.text file contains the password !--- definition.

8. Issue the boot command to boot the system.

   switch: bootLoading "flash:c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin"...#####################################################################################################################################################################################File "flash:c3500xl-c3h2s-mz.120-5.WC7.bin" uncompressed and installed, entry point: 0x3000executing...!--- Output suppressed.!--- This output is from a 3500XL switch. Output from other switches !--- will vary slightly.

9. Enter "n" at the prompt to abort the initial configuration dialog.

   --- System Configuration Dialog ---At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n !--- Type "n" for no.Press RETURN to get started.!--- Press Return or Enter.Switch>!--- The Switch> prompt is displayed.

10. At the switch prompt, type en to enter enable mode.

    Switch>enSwitch#

11. Type rename flash:config.old flash:config.text to rename the configuration file with its original name.

    Switch#rename flash:config.old flash:config.textDestination filename [config.text] !--- Press Return or Enter.Switch#

12. Copy the configuration file into memory.

    Switch#copy flash:config.text system:running-configDestination filename [running-config]? !--- Press Return or Enter.1131 bytes copied in 0.760 secsSw1#

    The configuration file is now reloaded.

13. Overwrite the current passwords that you do not know. Choose a strong password with at least one capital letter, one number, and one special character.

    Note: Overwrite the passwords which are necessary. You need not overwrite all of the mentioned passwords.

    Sw1# conf t!--- To overwrite existing secret passwordSw1(config)#enable secret <new_secret_password>!--- To overwrite existing enable passwordSw1(config)#enable password <new_enable_password>!--- To overwrite existing vty passwordSw1(config)#line vty 0 15Sw1(config-line)#password <new_vty_password>Sw1(config-line)#login!--- To overwrite existing console passwordSw1(config-line)#line con 0Sw1(config-line)#password <new_console_password>

14. Write the running configuration to the configuration file with the write memory command.

    Sw1#write memoryBuilding configuration...[OK]Sw1#

1.1.  L2 스위치 기본설정  - Cisco IOS 기반으로 작성하였다.

1.1.1. 장비설정 초기화

Switch# erase startup-config

Switch# reload

1.1.2.  Enable passwd 설정

Switch# config t

Switch(config)# enable secret test

Switch(config)# end

Switch# wr (저장)

1.1.3.  Telnet 접근제어

Switch(config)#line vty 0 4

Switch(config)#password test

Switch(config-line)# access-class 20 in

Switch(config-line)#exit

Switch(config)#access-list 20 permit 200.1.1.1

1.1.4. 레이블링 하기

장비이름 설정

Switch(config)# hostname  test2950

포트에 주석달기       

Switch(config)#int f0/1

Switch(config-if)# description  gr.thseo.com

SW11-Main#show  interfaces  des

1.1.5. 포트속도와 duplex는 수동으로 설정하라

Switch(config)#int range fa 0/23 - 24

Switch(config-if-range)#speed 100

Switch(config-if-range)#duplex full

Switch(config-if-range)#spanning-tree portfast

Switch(config)#show int status  // 인터페이스 상태 확인

1.1.6. 관리용 ip설정

Switch(config)# int VLAN 1

Switch(config-if)# no shut  (필수)

Switch(config-if)# ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0

Switch(config)#ip default-gateway 10.10.10.254

1.1.7. snmp 설정

Switch(config)# snmp-server community inet ro 12

Switch(config)# access-list 12 permit host 203.255.113.37